Both Applebaum and Snyder believe in the C Level Executive List Manichaean opposition between liberal democracy and fascist or communist dictatorships, and this opposition defines both their historiographical writings and their vision of contemporary C Level Executive List politics. The core of his anti-totalitarian thesis can be expressed as follows: while the political crimes of the Western democracies cannot be compared with the crimes committed by the Nazis or the C Level Executive List Communists, the crimes of these two movements not only can, but must be compared with each other. Yes and put ourselves on the same C Level Executive List moral plane if we want to understand its nature. As the subtitle and internal architecture of Snyder's masterpiece Bloodlands make clear . Europe between Hitler and Stalin (2010)4, there is a moral symmetry between the crimes committed by the empires of Hitler and Stalin. Applebaum invokes a C Level Executive List similar morality in his Gulag books. History of the Soviet concentration camps ( 2003), The Iron Curtain. The Destruction of Eastern Europe 1944-1956 (2012), and Red Famine. Stalin's war against Ukraine (2017) 5. lands of blood, by Snyder, demonstrates the usefulness of this approach for the history of central C Level Executive List and eastern Europe in the 1930s and 1940s, but also its limits. As heuristically productive as it is to C Level Executive List describe the societies of that region as caught in a titanic struggle between two totalitarian empires, such an approach has its costs. The atrocities and massacres that occurred during those C Level Executive List two decades tend to be attributed exclusively to the two regimes and their respective leaders. The participation of local actors is considered as a simple collaboration with the occupiers, while their endogenous ideological motivations are left aside. Although Snyder honestly recounts the local C Level Executive List collaboration in the massacres perpetrated by both invaders, Snyder nuances this Manichaeism.